In tacheometry we details discuss about tacheometry, instrument used in tacheometry, tacheometer, stadia rod, stadia system, fixed hair system, movable hair system, tangential system, subtense bar system, theory of tacheometer, distance and elevation through tacheometer when a staff is vertical & staff is perpendicular to line of sight.
In trigonometric levelling, we details discuss about trigonometric levelling, determination of elevation of object when its base are accessible & not accessible & when the two instruments are not in the same vertical plane.
Trigonometric Levelling (Determination of Elevation of Object Of Various Situation) Read More »
In measurement of area and volume, we details discuss about mid ordinate rule, average offset rule, trapezoidal rule, simpson’s rule for measurement of area & trapezoidal rule / end area method, prismoidal / simpson’s rule for measurement of volume.
In contour, we details discuss about use of contour, contour interval, properties of contour lines, ridge & valley line, overhanging cliff, vertical cliff. Etc.
In levelling, we are details discuss about elevation & altitude, reduced level, mean sea level, bench marks(B.M), horizontal line, vertical line, level line, back sight reading, fore sight reading, intermediate sight reading, method to find reduced level, height of instrument, rise and fall method, inverted staff, correction required in levelling work, distance of visible horizon, reciprocal leveling, collimation error, angular / inclination error, sensitivity of bubble tube, the sensitivity of level tube increases with?.
In traverse survey, latitude and departure, checks in a closed traverse, closing error, relative precision, bowditch’s rule, transit rule are details discuss.
Compass is a survey instrument used for the measurement of horizontal angles and the bearing of a line of sight.Surveyor Compass and Prismatic Compass are discussed in detailed.
Compass Surveying (Compass, Surveyor Compass, Prismatic Compass) Read More »
Bearing measured from one station to adjacent next station in the direction of traverse is called fore bearing. Back Bearing, Magnetic Declination, Angle of Dip are discussed in detailed.
Compass Surveying (Fore Bearing And Back Bearing, Magnetic Declination, Angle of Dip) Read More »
In compass surveying each control point is established with the help of linear and angular measurements and this process is termed as traversing. Traverse, Meridian, Bearing are discussed in detailed.
Compass Surveying (Traverse, Meridian, Bearing, Types of Bearing) Read More »
In equipment used in chain surveying,we details discuss about surveying chain, types of chain- revenue chain, gunter’s chain, engineer’s chain, metric chain, suitability of chain, unsuitability of chain, units of measurement, tapes-cloth or linen tape, metallic tape, steel tape, invar tape, pegs, arrows, ranging rods, offset rods, plumb bob, clinometer, cross-staff, optical square, prism square, chain survey instruments, distance measuring device, instruments used for various types of measurement
In liner measurements,we details discuss about procedure in chain surveying,basic definition of chain surveying- main station, tie station, main survey line, tie line/ subsidiary line, base line, check line/ proof line, offset, chainage, well conditioned triangle.Correction in chaining,limiting length of offsets.
In fundamentals of surveying (part-2), we details analysis about plan & map, scale, representation of scale- engineer’s scale, representation fraction (rf), graphical scale. Shrinkage factor or shrinkage ratio, error due to shrinkage of map, error due to wrong measuring scale, type of scales- plane scale, diagonal scale, vernier scale (direct vernier, retrograde vernier, extended vernier, double vernier).
In fundamentals of surveying (part-1), we details analysis about surveying, classification of survey, principal of surveying, instruments used for various types of measurement.Etc
Design of Vertical Alignment Generally Highway is aligned to follow the natural topography keeping in view the drainage and other design consideration. Note: This topic is part of the second chapter of Highway Engineering. I suggest reading this topic in the context of the complete chapter: Geometric Design of Highway. If you want to read
Set Back Distance: It is clearance distance, required from the centre line of pavement/road to the obstruction in ode to maintain the adequate sight distance to the curve. The set back distance or clearance required from the centre line of horizontal curve depends upon. Required sight distance (SD) Radius of horizontal Curve (R) Length of
Transition Curves: When a vehicle traveling on a straight road enters into a horizontal curve instantaneously, it will ca discomfort to the driver. To avoid this, it is required to provide a transition curve. This may be provided either between a tangent and a circular curve or between two branches of a compound or reverse
Transition Curves & Length of Transition Curve 2.20 Read More »
ExtraWidening: Extra width provide to Road at horizontal curve is called extrawidening. Note: This topic is part of the second chapter of Highway Engineering. I suggest reading this topic in the context of the complete chapter: Geometric Design of Highway. If you want to read the entire Highway Engineering, click here: Highway Engineering. It is
Method of Obtaining Superelevation: Introducing superelevation on a horizontal curve in the field is an important feature in construction. The full super-elevation is attained by the end of transition curve or at the beginning of the circular curve. The attainment of superelevation may be split up into two parts: Elimination of crown of the cambered
Method of Obtaining Superelevation & Radius of Horizontal Curve 2.18 Read More »
Design of Superelevation⇒ Design of superelevation is a complex problem for mixed traffic conditions because different vehicles are moving with different speed hence the required superelevation are also different. Note: This topic is part of the second chapter of Highway Engineering. I suggest reading this topic in the context of the complete chapter: Geometric Design
Equilibrium Superelevation: Note: This topic is part of the second chapter of Highway Engineering. I suggest reading this topic in the context of the complete chapter: Geometric Design of Highway. If you want to read the entire Highway Engineering, click here: Highway Engineering. Equilibrium superelevation is that superelevation at which pressure at the inner and
Equilibrium Superelevation & Superelevation As Per IRC 2.16 Read More »
