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SUBJECT
Vertical Curve are provided at the intersections of different grades to smoothen the vertical profile. The vertical curve used in the highway are of two types: Summit Curve, Valley Curve.
A theodolite is an important instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles in surveying. The system of surveying in which the angles (both horizontal & vertical) are measured with the help of a theodolite, is called Theodolite surveying.
In special instrument, we detailed discuss about hand leveling, abney level, indian pattern clinometer, ceylon ghat tracer, sextant, site square, mining dial, brunton’s compass, pantagraph, eidograph.
In this photogrammetry chapter, we detailed discuss about photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry, vertical photograph, scale of photograph, datum scale of photograph, average scale of photograph, flying height, ground co-ordinates & length of a line from a vertical photograph, crab, drift, relief displacement, number of photograph required to cover an area, exposure interval, air base, etc.
In plane table surveying we details discuss accessories used in plane table surveying, alidade, tripod, level tube, compass, plumbing fork, setting up the plane table: centering, levelling, orientation, method of plane table survey.
In this chapter, we detailed discuss about geographic information system, uses of gis, components of gis, global positioning system, remote sensing, type of remote sensing sensor systems.
In this triangulation chapter, we detailed discuss about classification of triangulation, triangulation layout, well condition triangle, trilateration, system of framework, objective of triangulation, ETC.
In this photogrammetry chapter, we detailed discuss about photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry, vertical photograph, scale of photograph, datum scale of photograph, average scale of photograph, flying height, ground co-ordinates & length of a line from a vertical photograph, crab, drift, relief displacement, number of photograph required to cover an area, exposure interval, air base, etc.
Superelevation: The transverse inclination throughout the length of horizontal curve by raising outer edge counteract w.r.t. inner edge, in order to counteract the effect of
Stability Analysis on Horizontal Curve without Superelevation: It is the curve in plane to provide change in the direction to Central line on the road.
Design of Horizontal Alignment: Various design element to be considered in the horizontal alignment are: Design speed Type and length of transition curve Width of
Curve: Curves are provided in highways in order that the change of direction at the intersection of straight alignments either in horizontal or vertical plane,
Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume to the weight of standard fluid (water) of the same volume. It is represented as ‘G’. It is the Unit less. There are two types of specific gravity: True/Absolute Specific Gravity and Mass/Bulk/Apparent Specific Gravity
Unit Weight is the ratio of weight to volume. It is also known as the specific weight. And Density is the ratio of Mass to volume.
Degree of Saturation is defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids present in a given soil mass. It is represented as ‘s’.
Void Ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids (Vv) to the volume of solids(Vs) present in a given soil mass. It is represented as 'e'. Porosity (η): It is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids(Vv) to the volume of soil (V) present in the given soil mass. It is represented as 'η'.