Civil Engineering PDF Notes

Plastic Limits is defined as the minimum water content at which soil is in the plastic stage of consistency or behaves like a plastic material. At plastic limit soil passes plastic state of consistency to a semi-solid state of consistency & visa-versa.

Liquid Limits are defined as the minimum water content at which soil has a tendency to flow. At liquid limit soil passes liquid state of consistency to plastic state of consistency & visa-versa.

Consistency of Soil is the relative ease with which soil can be deformed. It is used generally for fined-grained soil-related large water content.

The result of the particle size distribution analysis is reported in the form of a curve termed as particle size distribution curve. in which % finer is expressed on Y- axis &size of particle is expressed on X- axis on log scale. This curve helps in analysis the type of soil & gradation of soil.

Particle size distribution analysis or mechanical analysis is carried out in two systems: Sieve Analysis, Sedimentation Analysis. In Coarse Grained Soil : we study Gravel & Sand and In Fine Grained Soil: we study Silt & Clay.

Test of unit weight of soil can be determined using the following methods: Water Displacement Method, Submerged Mass Density Method, Core Cutter Method, Sand Replacement Method.

Test of specific gravity can be computed using 50 ml density bottle,500ml flask or pycnometer. Density bottle method is accurate & suitable for all soil.

Interrelationship Between Voids ratio (e), Water Content (w), Specific Gravity (G), Degree of Saturation(s), Dry Unit Weight ,Unit Weight of Water, etc

Relative compaction is defined as the ratio of the dry unit weight of soil in the natural state to the dry unit weight of soil in the densest state. it can applied for both cohesionless &cohesive soil.

It is defined as the ratio of the difference between the void ratio of soil in the loosest state & natural state to the difference in the void ratio of soil in the loosest state & densest state.

Specific Gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume to the weight of standard fluid (water) of the same volume. It is represented as ‘G’. It is the Unit less. There are two types of specific gravity: True/Absolute Specific Gravity and Mass/Bulk/Apparent Specific Gravity

Unit Weight is the ratio of weight to volume. It is also known as the specific weight. And Density is the ratio of Mass to volume.

Degree of Saturation is defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids present in a given soil mass. It is represented as ‘s’.

Void Ratio is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids (Vv) to the volume of solids(Vs) present in a given soil mass. It is represented as 'e'. Porosity (η): It is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids(Vv) to the volume of soil (V) present in the given soil mass. It is represented as 'η'.

Water present in the soil in any form is termed soil water. Many types of sοil water: Ground (Free, Gravity) water, Capillary water, Structural water, and Adsorbed water.

The various techniques for determining the water content of soil are as follows: Oven Drying Method, Sand Bath Method, Alcohol Method, Pycnometer Method, Calcium Carbide or Moisture Meter Method, Radiation Method, and Torsional Balance Method.

Water content (w):It is define as the weight of water to the weight of solids present in the given soil mass. Moisture content (m): It is define as the mass of water to the mass of solids present in the given soil mass. The  result of water content & moisture content are same .

Soil is a three-phase system that consists of solid, liquid & gaseous matter, that do not occupy separate spaces, but are blended with each other in a definite proportion, which in turn governs the properties 0f soil.

There are many types of soil. Examples - Alluvial soil, Lacustrine soil, Marine soil, Aeolian soil, Glacial soil, Colluvial soil, Loess soil, Marl soil & others.

The process of formation of soil is termed as PEDOGENESIS. Soil is formed due to the weathering (erosion /wear and tear) of rocks. Weathering of rock can occur either physically or chemically.