Levelling
Levelling, Important Terminologies In Levelling, Elevation & Altitude, Reduced Level, Mean Sea Level, Bench Marks(B.M)– G.T.S Bench Marks, Permanent Bench Marks, Temporary Bench Marks, Arbitrary Bench Marks. Measurement in Leveling Work- Horizontal Line, Vertical Line, Level Line, Back Sight Reading, Fore Sight Reading, Intermediate Sight Reading. Method to Find Reduced Level- Height of Instrument, Rise and Fall Method. Inverted Staff, Correction Required in Levelling Work- Correction due to Earth Curvature (Cc), Correction due to Refraction (CR), Combined Correction due to Both (C). Distance of Visible Horizon- When height of any one point is considered, When height of both points are considered. Reciprocal Leveling – When the instrument near A, When the instrument near B, Collimation error– When Area is Large, When Area is small, Angular / Inclination Error, Sensitivity of Bubble Tube , The sensitivity of level tube increases with?.
Topics
In equipment used in chain surveying,we details discuss about surveying chain, types of chain- revenue chain, gunter’s chain, engineer’s chain, metric chain, suitability of chain, unsuitability of chain, units of measurement, tapes-cloth or linen tape, metallic tape, steel tape, invar tape, pegs, arrows, ranging rods, offset rods, plumb bob, clinometer, cross-staff, optical square, prism square, chain survey instruments, distance measuring device, instruments used for various types of measurement
In measurement of area and volume, we details discuss about mid ordinate rule, average offset rule, trapezoidal rule, simpson's rule for measurement of area & trapezoidal rule / end area method, prismoidal / simpson’s rule for measurement of volume.