Fundamentals Of Surveying
SURVEYING, Classification of survey based on the curvature of the earth surface- Plane Survey, Geodetic Survey. Classification of survey based on Place– Land Survey (Topographical Survey, Cadastral Survey, City Survey), Hydrographical Survey, Astronomical Survey. Classification of survey based on Purpose- Engineering Survey, Military Survey, Archaeological Survey, Mine Survey, Geological Survey. Classification of survey based on Instrument- Chain Survey, Compass Survey, Levelling, Plane table Surveying, Theodolite Survey, Tacheometric Survey, Photogrammetric Survey, EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) Survey. Principal of surveying– Working From Whole To Part, Location of a Point by With Respect to Reference Point. Instruments Used for Various Types of Measurement.
Plan & Map, SCALE, Representation of Scale- Engineer’s Scale, Representation Fraction (RF), Graphical Scale. Shrinkage Factor or Shrinkage Ratio, Error Due to Shrinkage of Map, Error Due to Wrong Measuring Scale, Type of Scales- Plane Scale, Diagonal Scale, Vernier Scale (Direct Vernier, Retrograde Vernier, Extended Vernier, Double Vernier).
Topics
In equipment used in chain surveying,we details discuss about surveying chain, types of chain- revenue chain, gunter’s chain, engineer’s chain, metric chain, suitability of chain, unsuitability of chain, units of measurement, tapes-cloth or linen tape, metallic tape, steel tape, invar tape, pegs, arrows, ranging rods, offset rods, plumb bob, clinometer, cross-staff, optical square, prism square, chain survey instruments, distance measuring device, instruments used for various types of measurement
In theory of errors we details discuss theory of errors, occurrence of error, type of error, gross errors or mistakes, systematic or cumulative errors, accidental or random errors, precision, accuracy, true value, true error, most probable value (M.P.V), principle of least square, residual error, law’s of weights, probable error, error in computed result.