Polity

In a parliamentary form of government, the Parliament is the most important organ. The legislative branch of the Union government of India is called the Parliament, which consists of the President and two houses known as the House of the People (Lok Sabha) and the Council of States (Rajya Sabha). 

Central Council of Ministers The Constitution of India states that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions. The President shall exercise his powers according to the advice of the Council of Ministers. However, the President can

In the parliamentary system of government, the Prime Minister is the most important post. He is the most powerful functionary who controls both the Parliament and the Executive.  The Prime Minister is the head of the government because he is the head of the Council of Ministers.

Vice-President Article 63 of the Constitution says that there shall be a Vice-President of India. The Vice-President is accorded a rank next to the President in the official warrant of precedence. He occupies the second highest office in the country. According to the Constitution, the Vice-President functions as ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Being ex-officio

President   India is a democratic republic with parliamentary form of government. The government at the Central level is called ‘Union Government’ and at the State level it is known as ‘State Government’. Both the Union and the State governments are organized and function based on the principles of parliamentary system of government. According to the

Generally, the federal government is a weak government because it involves a division of power. However, every modern federation has made a provision to avoid this weakness by providing some extraordinary powers to the federal government.

 Though a federal Constitution involves the sovereignty of the Units within their respective territorial limits, it is not possible for them to remain in complete isolation from each other. Because the smooth operation of any federal system is dependent not only on harmonious relations and close cooperation between the Centre and the states, but also on inter-state cooperation. Like other federal constitutions, the Indian Constitution also makes the following provisions with regard to inter-state comity:

Centre State Relations The Indian Constitution, being federal in structure, divides all powers-legislative, executive and financial between the centre and the states. However, the Constitution of India has established an integrated judicial system to enforce both the Central laws as well as state laws. Hence, there is no division of judicial power in the Indian

On the basis of relations between the national government and its constituent parts, such as states or provinces, the government can be classified into unitary and federal. In a unitary government, the relationship between the centre and its constituent parts such as states or provinces are largely one-sided, with the central government enjoying almost complete control over its constituent parts such as states or provinces. In a unitary system, almost all power and responsibility are vested in the central government. Local governments may only exercise power through the central government. In this system, sovereignty is vested in the central government alone.

Introduction Another important feature of the Indian political system is its parliamentary form of government both at the union and state levels. However, democratic governments are classified into parliamentary and presidential on the basis of nature of relations between the executive and the legislative organs of the government. The Constitution of India provides for a

The Constituent Assembly adopted the Indian Constitution on 26th November 1949, and it came into effect on 26th January 1950. The Constitution of India has borrowed most of its provisions from various constitutions of the countries as well as from the Government of India Act of 1935. The structural part of the Constitution is to a large extent and derived from the Government of India Act of 1935.

The Indian Constitution is neither flexible nor rigid but a synthesis of both that can be amended according to the needs of society whenever required. Constitution under Article 368 grants power to the Parliament to amend whenever there is a necessity. The Article also lays down the procedure for amendment in detail. However, this power of the Parliament is not absolute. The Supreme Court has the power to declare any law that it finds unconstitutional void.

Like any other written constitution, the Constitution of India also provides for its amendment in order to adjust itself to the changing conditions and needs. However, the procedure laid down for its amendment is neither as difficult as in the USA nor as easy as in Britain. In other words, the Constitution of India is neither flexible nor rigid but a synthesis of both.

Though the rights and duties of citizens are correlative and inseparable, the original Constitution, enforced on January 26th, 1950, did not mention anything about the duties of citizens. The framers of the Constitution expected that the citizens of free India would perform their duties willingly. But things did not go as expected. Therefore, ten fundamental duties were added in Part-IV A of the Constitution under Article 51-A in the year 1976 through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment. In 2002, one more fundamental duty was added.

In the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, India is described as a \”sovereign socialist secular democratic republic\”. Accordingly, the Constitution has extensive provisions to ensure the social and economic welfare of the people of India. In this regard, two specific provisions have been made, one in the form of Fundamental Rights and the other as Directive Principles of State Policy.

The Constitution may be classified into two kinds, written like the U.S. Constitution or unwritten and based on conventions like the British. Therefore, no code of Fundamental Rights exists in the Constitution of England. This does not mean that in England there is no recognition of those basic fundamental rights of the individual without which democracy becomes meaningless.

The population of any country is divided into two kinds of people – citizens and aliens. Citizens of any country enjoy all civil and political rights of that country while aliens do not enjoy all of the civil and political rights of that country. Citizens are members of the political community to which they belong. They are the people who compose the country.

At the time of independence, India existed two types of political units – the British provinces (under the direct rule of the British government) and princely states (under the rule of native princes, but these princely states had accepted the paramountcy of the British Crown). The Indian Independence Act of 1947 created two independent and separate countries, India and Pakistan, and gave three options to the princely states: the freedom to join either India or Pakistan or to remain independent. 

The Indian Constitution is the world\’s longest constitution of any sovereign nation. Initially, the Indian Constitution had a preamble and 395 articles, which are grouped into 22 parts and 8 schedules. The Indian Constitution is the second-longest active constitution—after the Constitution of Alabama—in the world.

The provision of the Preamble in the Indian Constitution comes from the American Constitution. The term \’Preamble\’ refers to the introduction or preface to the Constitution. It contains the essence or summary of the Constitution. The words used in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution are some of the noblest. These words embody the highest values of the Indian Constitution.