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Pavement is a load-bearing & load-distributing component of a road. We need to consider all types of vehicles for the geometrical design, but only vehicles with significant heavy loads are considered for pavement design. These vehicles are generally commercial vehicles. As per IRC, vehicles having a gross load greater than 3 tons are called commercial vehicles.
Unsteady flow also called 'Transient Flow', occurs in the open channel when the discharge or depth or both vary with respect to time at a given section.
In Rapidly Varied Flow (R.V.F), a sudden change of depth occurs at a particular point of a channel and the change from one depth to another takes place at a distance of very short length.
The gradually varied flow (GVF) is defined as steady non- uniform flow, where the depth of flow varies gradually from section to section along the length of channel. (A steady non-uniform flow in a prismatic channel with gradual changes in its water surface elevation is termed as gradually varied flow (GVF).
Energy depth relationship is the third chapter of the open channel flow. Detailed discussion about specific energy, critical depth, relationship between specific energy and depth of flow, section factor z, relation between discharge & depth of flow, channel transition.
A flow in an open channel is said to be uniform if its properties remain constant with respect to space. Detailed discussion about Uniform Flow.
Open channel flow refers to the flow of liquid in channel open to atmosphere or in partially filled conduit (Pipe). Example- River, Flood, Rivulets, Torrent, Sewers carrying sewage, Rode side Gutter. Detailed discuss about OCF.
In traffic control devices & regulation, we detailed discussed about traffic sign & road marking but remain topics are discussed in other post.
In traffic control devices & regulation, we detailed discussed about traffic signal but remain topics are discussed in other post.
In traffic control devices & regulation, we detailed discussed about intersection but remain topics are discussed in other post.
In Traffic Studies and Analysis, a detailed discussion about Origin and Destination Study, Accident Study & Parking Study.
In Traffic Flow Characteristics & Capacity Study, we detailed discuss about Traffic Capacity Studies, Traffic Flow Characteristics Studies.
Traffic studies or surveys are carried out to analyze the traffic characteristics. These studies help in deciding the geometric design feature and traffic control for safe and efficient traffic movements. The traffic surveys for collecting traffic data are also called traffic census. The various traffic studies generally carried out are: Traffic Volume Study, Traffic Speed Studies.
The basic objective of traffic engineering is to achieve free & rapid flow of traffic with least no of accidents. For this various studies are carried out. These studies are divided into- Traffic Characteristics, Traffic Studies and Analysis, Traffic Control Regulation.
Vertical Curve are provided at the intersections of different grades to smoothen the vertical profile. The vertical curve used in the highway are of two types: Summit Curve, Valley Curve.
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Relative compaction is defined as the ratio of the dry unit weight of soil in the natural state to the dry unit weight of soil in the densest state. it can applied for both cohesionless &cohesive soil.
Intermediate sight distance (ISD): On a horizontal curve, the requirement of overtaking sight distance can not always be satisfied. In such cases
Shrinkage Limits is defined as maximum water content at which reduction in the water content of soil does not lead to reduction in the volume of soil.
In traffic control devices & regulation, we detailed discussed about traffic sign & road marking but remain topics are discussed in other post.
Liquid limit of inorganic soil not of volcanic organic rarely has a value greater 100 %. Organic soil has a generally high value of liquid limit (liquid limit>50%) but their plastic limit is also comparatively high, hence their plastic index values are not as high as its liquid limit.
The result of the particle size distribution analysis is reported in the form of a curve termed as particle size distribution curve. in which % finer is expressed on Y- axis &size of particle is expressed on X- axis on log scale. This curve helps in analysis the type of soil & gradation of soil.